Raga–Ragini System in Indian Classical Music (Brief)
The Raga–Ragini system was an early framework used mainly in Hindustani classical music to classify ragas into families. Each family consisted of a principal Raga (male) and several Raginis (female counterparts), symbolizing balance and complementarity. Traditionally, six main ragas were identified, each with five or six Raginis, forming a total of 36 melodic frameworks. These ragas were associated with specific emotions, seasons, and times of day. Though later replaced by more systematic classifications, the Raga–Ragini system played an important role in the historical organization and evolution of ragas.
Mela / Melakarta System (Brief)
The Mela system was first proposed by Ramamatya in Svaramelakalanidhi (c. 1550). It was later refined by Venkatamakhin in the 17th century in Chaturdandi Prakasika, forming the foundation of the 72 Melakarta raga system in Carnatic music.
The 72 Melakarta ragas are:
-
Divided into 12 Chakras, each containing 6 ragas
-
Based on permutations of the 12 swara sthanas
-
Classified into:
-
Shuddha (Prathi) Madhyama: Ragas 1–36
-
Prati (Prutti) Madhyama: Ragas 37–72
-
-
Sa (S) and Pa (P) are constant in all Melakartas
This system is highly codified and forms the backbone of Carnatic raga classification.
Keeping the notes up to Pa (P) fixed (called Poorvanga), Melakarta ragas are derived by varying Dhaivata (D) and Nishada (N).
-
With D1, three combinations are possible: D1–N1, D1–N2, D1–N3
-
With D2, only D2–N2 and D2–N3 are allowed
-
With D3, only D3–N3 is permitted
These follow the Kramasampurna rule (notes must ascend in order). Thus, for a fixed Poorvanga, there are 6 D–N combinations, forming a group called a Chakra.
Similarly, variations of Rishabha (R) and Gandhara (G) produce 6 sets, each yielding 6 ragas, giving 36 ragas.
With two varieties of Madhyama (M1 and M2), the total becomes 2 × 36 = 72 Melakarta ragas, arranged into 12 Chakras.
In each Chakra, the notes up to Pa remain constant, and only D and N change to derive the six ragas (as seen in the first six Melakarta ragas)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S R1 R2 R3
G1 G2 G3 M1 M2 P D1 D2 D3
N1 N2 N3 แน
A raga that takes seven notes, successively ascending in pitch is a sampoorna raga


No comments:
Post a Comment