Understanding Shruti

What is Shruti? 

In Indian classical music, the term Shruti refers to the smallest gradation of sound that the human ear can detect and differentiate. Originating from the Sanskrit word “श्रु” (śru), meaning “to hear,” shruti is not just a musical note but an auditory phenomenon—a sensation of sound that lies between the fundamental notes (swaras). While Western music is built on semitones, Indian music recognizes a greater range of microtones, which are theoretically divided into 22 shrutis per octave. 

Shruti in Practice 

The idea of shruti underpins the flexibility and subtlety of Indian classical music, allowing artists to convey nuanced emotions that resonate deeply with listeners. Although Indian music primarily uses seven main notes (swaras), each note is associated with a spectrum of microtonal variations, creating unique expressions and enabling a dynamic dialogue between melody and mood. 

Microtonal Adjustments: Artists often adjust shrutis within the context of different ragas, enhancing certain frequencies to convey specific emotional qualities. 

Enhanced Expressiveness: The use of shruti variations enables a deeper emotional and spiritual engagement, as the listener perceives not just the primary note but also its finer nuances. 

The Importance of Shruti in Tuning and Performance 

Shruti plays a critical role in the tuning of Indian instruments and vocal music. Unlike Western music, which uses a standard tuning system, Indian musicians often tune their instruments and voices based on the raga they are performing. This can vary between performances, as musicians adapt to the emotional and atmospheric qualities they wish to evoke.